Pediatr Drugs 2007; 9 (4): 249-266
نویسندگان
چکیده
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 1. Epidemiology, Comorbidity and Etiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 1.1 Prevalence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 1.2 Co-Existing Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 1.3 Proposed Etiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 2. Pharmacotherapy and Educational/Behavioral Interventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 2.1 Efficacy of Atypical Antipsychotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 2.1.1 Risperidone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 2.1.2 Olanzapine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 2.1.3 Quetiapine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 2.1.4 Ziprasidone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 2.1.5 Aripiprazole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 2.1.6 Clozapine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 2.2 Pharmacokinetics of Atypical Antipsychotics in Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 2.3 Proposed Mechanism of Action of Atypical Antipsychotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 2.3.1 Serotonin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 2.3.2 Dopamine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 2.3.3 Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 3. Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 4. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 The treatment of pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) is a challenging task, which should include Abstract behavioral therapy modifications as well as pharmacologic therapy. There has been a lack of data on using medications in children with PDDs until recent years. Within the last 10 years, an increase in clinical research has attempted to provide efficacy and safety data to support the use of medications in children with PDDs. Double-blinded and open-label research of atypical antipsychotics has been of particular focus. Evidence shows that atypical antipsychotics (AAs) may be useful in treating certain symptoms associated with PDDs, such as aggression, irritability, and self-injurious behavior. This article reviews the literature regarding the use of AAs in children with PDDs. Of the AAs, risperidone has the largest amount of evidence with five published double-blinded, placebo-controlled trials and nine open-label trials. These risperidone trials have consistently shown improvements in aggression, irritability, self-injurious behavior, temper tantrums, and quickly changing moods associated with autistic disorder and other PDDs. Data for the other AAs are limited, but ziprasidone and aripiprazole appear to be promising treatment options. Based on clinical trials, olanzapine and quetiapine have shown minimal clinical benefit and a high incidence of weight gain and sedation. It should
منابع مشابه
978 - 0 - 521 - 87672 - 8 - Perspectives on Human Development , Family , and Culture
acculturation, 228–38, 242, 244, 245, 250, 252, 254, 256–7, 259 after-school education, 332 attachment, 77, 103, 128, 161–5, 167–9, 197, 203, 247, 249, 317, 339 attachment theory, 128, 161–2, 166, 168, 172, 197 authoritarianism, xix, 36, 256 autocthonization, 7, 8 autonomy, xx, 24, 136, 149, 163–5, 197–8, 213–14, 243–4, 257, 265, 266, 268–9, 277–9, 281–2 and relatedness, xx, 79, 109, 172, 196, ...
متن کاملAre young infants treated with erythromycin at risk for developing hypertrophic pyloric stenosis?
REFERENCES 1 Leung AK, Robson WL, Kao CP, et al. Treatment of labial fusion with topical estrogen therapy. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2005;44:245–7. 2 Muram D. Treatment of prepubertal girls with labial adhesions. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 1999;12:67–70. 3 Aribarg A. Topical oestrogen therapy for labial adhesions in children. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1975;82:424–5. 4 Khanam W, Chogtu L, Mir Z, et al. Adh...
متن کاملShould an Infant Who Is Breastfeeding Poorly and Has a Tongue Tie Undergo a Tongue
REFERENCES 1. Murphy JV. Left vagal nerve stimulation in children with medically refractory epilepsy. The Pediatric VNS Study Group. J Pediatr 1999;134:563–6. 2. Patwardhan RV, Stong B, Bebin EM, et al. Efficacy of vagal nerve stimulation in children with medically refractory epilepsy. Neurosurgery 2000;47:1353–8. 3. Murphy JV, Tokelson R, Dowler I, et al. Vagal nerve stimulation in refractory ...
متن کاملStatus of receipt of ICDS package of services by under three children and pregnant mothers in district Agra.
4. Kumar A, Nath G, Bhatia BD, Bhargava V, Loiwal V. An outbreak of multidrug resistant Salmonella typhimunum in a nursery. Indian Pediatr 1995; 32: 881-885. 5. Smith SM, Palumbo PE, Edelson PJ, Salmonella strains resistant to multiple antibiotics: Therapeutic implications. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1984; 3: 455-460. 6. Kambal AM, AL-Sugair S. AL-Ballaa SR, AL-Hediathy M, AL-Balla SUR, Saeed NS. Ent...
متن کاملTracheal intubation using the GlideScope with a combined curved pipe stylet, and endotracheal tube introducer.
CAN J ANESTH 54: 1 www.cja-jca.org January, 2007 8 Hernandez-Diaz S, Varas-Lorenzo C, Garcia Rodriguez LA. Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs and the risk of acute myocardial infarction. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2006; 98: 266–74. 9 Kearney PM, Baigent C, Godwin J, Halls H, Emberson JR, Patrono C. Do selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors and traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory dru...
متن کامل